Impacts of the Protected Disclosures Act 2000 on Nurses

Effects of the Protected Disclosures Act 2000 on Nurses This article will investigate the Protected Disclosures Act, 2000, explicitly how it impacts attendants. Adjusting the Act to the Code of Conduct will demonstrate its significance to nursing by and large. The Act will be clarified regarding general substance, and reason including a concise foundation to fill in as a justification. The article will address moral setting, the job of the Ombudsmen, investigate how the Act became enactment drawing on Neil Pugmires story to outline, lastly give a case of the utility of the Act in an ordinary situation. Initially the article had intended to investigate a difference of past versus future employments of the Act, nonetheless, late examination has been hard to track down in a New Zealand wellbeing setting, perhaps because of the security imperatives and assurances used inside the Act. The Code of Conduct has been given by the Nursing Council of New Zealand to make a structure for attendants to work inside, while guaranteeing wellbeing experts are considered responsible to a specific standard of care. Clinical expert responsibility is significant in keeping up norms and encouraging trust in the calling; to be responsible is to be mindful (Wallis, 2013). Key standards of the Code of Conduct incorporate regarding protection and classification, working in organization with patients, working deferentially with associates to guarantee patients get the most ideal consideration, acting with respectability to legitimize the trust given to attendants, and to keep up open trust and trust in the nursing calling (Nursing Council of New Zealand, 2012). The Protected Disclosures Act, 2000, gives a wellbeing net, a gathering and set of procedures for conditions when medical attendants or professionals whom we may work nearby, act outside the rules of the Code of Conduct, and wher e these demonstrations bring about negligence or genuine bad behavior. The Protected Disclosures Act ensures individuals who under the demonstration are viewed as a ‘employee’ of the association. ‘Employee’ incorporates previous representatives, homeworkers, temporary workers, volunteers and individuals supported to the association (Protected Disclosures Act, 2000). One of our jobs as medical caretakers is to go about as backers for our patients to guarantee they get the most ideal consideration, are treated in a way that maintains their privileges, and guarantee they get the important consideration in an ideal way (Fry Johnstone, 2008). The Protected Disclosures Act, 2000, gives security, insurance and suitable help to a worker who needs to submit a question of genuine wrong-doing against their boss (Office of the Ombudsmen, 2014). The Protected Disclosures Act encourages the revelation and examination of issues of genuine wrong-doing in, or by an association, and ensures representatives who make these divulgences s5(ab). Representatives reserve the option to have their classification maintained during the procedure and are shielded from businesses who may attempt to counter-case or take legitimate procedures against the worker who has stopped a revelation s19. The demonstration means to concentrate on genuine wrong-doings (delineated in the understanding area s3), including abuse of assets, acts or oversights which cause a hazard to general wellbeing, open security or the earth, any activity that is unlawful, or acts which might be understood as being severe, biased, and horribly careless or comprise net fumble (Protected Disclosures Act, 2000). Somewhere in the range of 1999 and 2009 examinations led in the US, UK and Australia found that somewhere in the range of 4% and 16% of patients experience the ill effects of a damage (counting changeless handicap or demise) because of unfriendly occasions happening while they are in the medical clinic (Brennan et al 1991; Department of Health 2000; Kohn et al 2000; Johnstone, 2009). Somewhere in the range of 2004 and 2014 the New Zealand Health Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunals (2015) got charges against 344 wellbeing experts the greater part of whom were sentenced for proficient misbehavior. While numerous associations have approaches and frameworks to forestall and distinguish genuine bad behavior, the individuals who work inside an association may now and then be in the best situation to recognize issues. Worker witnesses can give a beginning to a genuine examination (State Services Commission, 2014). In a nursing setting, where there are high weights on staff, mishaps can occur and are generally managed quickly. The Protected Disclosures Act can be utilized in issues which are touchy in nature and result in genuine negligence. While support for patients, in medical attendants, is a piece of their obligations, much of the time when the need emerges for backing, it very well may be hard for the medical attendant to act. Rest (1984) talks about a procedure called moral thinking which is material here. Moral affectability addresses our familiarity with how our activities influence others. Moral judgment identifies with gauging our activities against that affectability. Moral inspiration clarifies how we gauge a few qualities more than others, while moral character is the thing that gives the solidarity to a person to do an ethical activity. At the point when an individual submits a genuine bad behavior, they are settling on a choice (moral inspiration) that puts their qualities for t ime or cash, for instance, higher than their requirement for patients rights. On the off chance that a medical caretaker sees these demonstrations and backers for the patient under the Protected Disclosures Act, this also is good inspiration, with various qualities. It is for this reason the Protected Disclosures Act is adjusted intimately with the Ombudsmen Act, 1975, the Human Rights Act, 1993 and the Employment Relations Act, 2000. Under the Ombudsmen Act (1975), an ombudsmen may give data and direction to a representative on any issues concerning a secured revelation; instruct on what sorts with respect to exposures are secured just as how and who to make a divulgence as well, and guarantee that no considerate, criminal or disciplinary procedures can be taken against an individual for making an ensured divulgence, or for alluding one to the suitable power. It is unlawful under the Human Rights Act, 1993 to treat individuals who have submitted a question less well than other staff, in any capacity. The Act likewise expresses that a representative who experiences retaliatory activity from their manager subsequent to causing an ensured divulgence to can record an individual complaint guarantee under the Employment Relations Act, 2000. This implies if an individual who makes an exposure is excused (because of their revelation), or experiences exploitation or out of line treatment in the work environment, they are qualified to submit an individual complaint question (Protected Disclosures Act, 2000; Office of the Ombudsmen, 2014; Ombudsmen Act, 1975; Human Rights Act, 1993; Employment Relations Act, 2000). Medical caretakers and representatives all in all are urged to follow a levels of leadership when things turn out badly, however that isn't generally the best strategy. An exceptionally promoted case of this happened in 1993, when Neil Pugmire, an enlisted mental medical caretaker, wrote in certainty to the then Minister of Health to diagram concerns he had with respect to the Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992. As he would like to think it neglected to give necessary confinement of patients who were esteemed ‘very dangerous’. To help his cases Pugmire named a patient who was esteemed at high danger of re-affronting genuine sexual violations against little fellows. The Minister reacted that ‘mental wellbeing enactment ought not be utilized to legitimize the detainment of troublesome or perilous patients’ (Liddell, 1994, p. 14; Johnstone, 2009, p. 366). Pugmire, discontent with this reaction, sent a duplicate of his letter to the the n Leader of the Opposition, Mr Goff. Obscure to Mr Pugmire, Mr Goff discharged the letter freely, with the patients name erased. Anyway the patients name was later spilled by different sources, successfully penetrating the patient’s secrecy. Mr Pugmire was suspended for ‘serious misconduct’ including the unapproved divulgence of classified patient information’ (Liddell, 1994; Johnston, 2009). Mr Goff then introduced the Whistleblower’s Protection Bill, in Parliament in June 1994. He is cited as saying, â€Å"The purpose behind the Bill is that experience has demonstrated plainly, that when an individual comes clean and stands up in the open intrigue, yet is without the security of applicable enactment, the open will in general profit by that activity, yet the casualty perpetually is the individual who blows the whistle. Neil Pugmire †¦ is a man who felt the need, on moral and on proficient grounds, to stand up to caution the network about the hazard that he saw†¦ Ironically, the reaction from his managers when he stood up was not to take a gander at the substance of his anxiety, nor to tune in to the message, however to shoot the messenger† (Goff, 1994). Neil Pugmire’s manager suspended him. Mr. Goff was fruitful and the bill was passed, at first as the Whistleblower’s Protection Bill, and later turning into the Protected Disclosures Act, 2000 (Goff, 1994). A case of how the Protected Disclosures Act functions today, can be found in an individual’s right to security. Everybody has the option to security and any infringement of this where a person’s data had been made open would, under the Act, establish a common wrong. In a human services setting people’s data is secured by the Personal Information segment of the Health Act, 1956 and has been created from the Privacy Act, 1993 (Burgess, 2008; Health Act, 1956; Privacy Act, 1993). The Protected Disclosures Act fills in as an establishment for continuing against the association or individual who revealed individual data in an open gathering and would ensure the individual who was submitting the question. Taking everything into account, this paper has plot how important the Protected Disclosures Act, 2000, is. It guarantees insurance of workers in conditions where genuine wrong-doing resu

HGPS Interface Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HGPS Interface - Assignment Example Moreover, the framework will discover increasingly suitable courses to the goal of clients, sparing them a great deal of cash noticeable all around contamination and in gas. The vehicles will along these lines be more secure in any state of the climate. Business having bigger outlet numbers like the utilities will deal with the assets in an effective way in this manner diminishing the expense of customers. The Holographic Global Positioning System will offer the appropriate responses in encouraging every one of these worries. The Holographic Global Positioning System will offer shrewd area of the vehicle and route data that will empower the clients maintain a strategic distance from road that is blocked. Furthermore, the framework will discover progressively suitable courses to the goal of clients, sparing them a great deal of cash noticeable all around contamination and in fuel (Rabbany, 2002). The vehicles will in this manner be more secure in any state of the climate. Business having bigger outlet numbers like the utilities will deal with the assets in a productive way consequently decreasing the expense of shoppers. The Holographic Global Positioning System will offer the appropriate responses in encouraging every one of these worries. A Holographic Global Positioning System is situating frameworks for radios that will consolidate procedures of PC mapping in offering the three dimensional position, time data, and speed it prepare the client close to the outside of the earth (Blaauw, 1976). The Holographic Positioning System is one of the significant improvements of remote correspondence showcase (Prentzas, 2010). It is an essential instrument for studying and guide making and has gotten one of the most significant worldwide utility that is can't be administered for the cutting edge route ashore. The Holographic Global Positioning System is isolated into three sections. The section for clients, control portion, and fragment for space. The figure beneath shows the primary parts of Holographic Global Positioning System.The space has a space section making out of GPS satellites that will

Decluttering Doesnt Work

Decluttering Doesnt Work Decluttering is, by and large, a farce. If you clicked on this post to figure out how to declutter your closet, you’re in the wrong place. You’ll be hard-pressed to find anything here even vaguely resembling something as trite as “67 Ways to Declutter a Messy Home.” That’s because decluttering alone doesn’t solve the problem: discussing how to get rid of your stuff answers only the what, but not the why. The whatâ€"i.e., the how toâ€"is easy. We all know, instinctually, how to declutter. You can start small: focus on one room at a time, making progress each day as you work toward a simplified life. You can go big: rent a dumpster and throw out everything, moving on to a more fulfilling life. Or you can take the moderate approach: plunge into a Packing Party and embrace the fun side of decluttering, enjoying the entire simplification process. People should, however, be much more concerned with the whyâ€"the purpose behind declutteringâ€"than the what. While the what is easy, the why is far more obscure because the nature of the why is highly individual. Ultimately, it has to do with the benefits you’ll experience once you’re on the other side of decluttering. Decluttering is not the end resultâ€"it is merely the first step. You don’t become instantly happy and content by just getting rid of your stuffâ€"at least not in the long run. Decluttering doesn’t work like that. If you simply embrace the what without the why, then you’ll get nowhere (slowly and painfully, by the way, repeatedly making the same mistakes). It is possible to get rid of everything you own and still be utterly miserable, to come home to your empty house and sulk after removing all your pacifiers. When you get rid of the vast majority of your possessions, you’re forced to confront your darker side: When did I give so much meaning to possessions? What is truly important in life? Why am I discontent? Who is the person I want to become? How will I define my own success? These are difficult questions with no easy answers, but these questions are far more important than just ditching your material possessions: if you don’t answer them carefully, rigorously, then the closet you just decluttered will be brimming with new purchases not long from now. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Interview with my Grandmother - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1298 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Oral History Essay Did you like this example? Hello, my name is Tyler Tietjen. For my ninth-grade oral history project I chose to interview my grandmother, Liliane Anita Tietjen. I decided to make Mrs. Tietjen the subject of this interview because of her experiences living in Cuba in the 1950’s and her first-hand knowledge of the rising of Cuba’s well-known dictator, Fidel Castro. Over the course of this podcast I will give you some background information on important dates and events during the 1950’s that led directly to Castro’s ascent to dictator of Cuba. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Interview with my Grandmother" essay for you Create order Background information On October 28th,1492 Christopher Columbus discovered Cuba and claimed the new land for Spain. Spain continued to govern Cuba until The Cuban War for Independence ended in 1898. In 1902 Cuba’s first president Tomas Palma was elected. However, Cuba’s most famous leader was a dictator named Fidel Castro. Castro held the title of the 23rd President of Cuba for more than 31 years from 1976 until 2008 and publicly declared Cuba a socialist country in 1961. Castro accomplished this by founding a revolutionary party called, â€Å"The Movement† and by taking part in the Cuban revolution. Castro seized his power from President Fulgencio Batista. Batista was president for 7  ½ years during that time he cancelled any upcoming election and called his system of governing the people, â€Å"disciplined democracy†. However, many of the Cuban people were becoming increasingly disillusioned with Batista and with the people looking for change the door was open for so meone new to lead. In July 1953, â€Å"The Movement† led by Fidel Castro launched an attack on the Moncada Barracks where Batista and the Cuban army was stationed. Castro’s attack failed. Most of his militia was killed and Castro was arrested. Castro was tried and was sentenced to 15 years in prison. However, Castro ended up serving less than 2 years when Batista pardoned him in May of 1955. Castro wasted no time, in November 1956, Castro had a militia of 81 men. They attacked Batista’s forces in Havana. 19 men survived including Castro retreated to the Sierra Maestra mountain range where more then 150 people joined the cause of over throwing Batista. The group changed strategies and used guerrilla tactics to counter the Cuban armies use of conventional warfare. By 1958 Batista understood that the war was lost and escaped to the Dominican Republic. Now there was no one in the way Fidel Castro was given the leadership role of the army of Cuba. On January 8th 1959, one week after Batista fled Cuba, Fidel Castro entered Havana celebrated leading a parade through the island. On October 19th 1960, the United States of America begins an economic embargo with Cuba due to unfavorable economic and political circumstance s. By January 3rd 1961 The United States of America completely breaks off any diplomatic relations with Cuba. Background of Interviewee This was the environment that my grandmother remembers as a young child and is the period of history that is the focus of my podcast. Most of the horrible human suffering I researched happened in Cuba was before my grandmother was old enough to understand exactly what was going on around her. Liliane Anita Tietjen was born on October 5th 1950 in a small South American country called Uruguay. Her Father owned high end, tourist hotels in Uruguay, but had been taking trips to Cuba for years looking to expand his hotels to Cuba. In the summer of 1952 the family moved to Havana Cuba. My grandmothers’ father’s name was Otto. He had found a wealthy partner high ranking within the Batista regime. Otto’s partner would be responsible for ensuring that the right wheels would be greased so the hotel could open without many delays. Together Otto and his partner opened, â€Å"The National†. The hotel would cater to the highest level of political dignitaries and rich tourists. My grandmother remembers the hotel as lavishly decorated with cream colored marble floors, white arches held up by large stone pillars, colorful silk chairs, large hand painted murals, and lots of flowering plants both inside and outside the hotel. My grandmother’s family lived inside the hotel so it would be easier for Otto to run the hotel daily. Interview In 1953 the hotel National was doing very well, although my grandmother can remember seeing X’s drawn in graffiti over Batista posters none of her family could have guesses that on the other side of Cuba, â€Å"The Movement† was planning an attack on the Moncada barracks. Otto took my grandmother to the docks to watch one of the rebels Fidel Castro being shipped off to a prison on Pinto island for his part in the assault on the President. That was the day things began to change for her family. More and more Cubans wanted change and talk about another revolution was causing tension even within the hotels staff. In 1955 when President Batista granted Castro amnesty a fight broke out inside the kitchen of the National between a loyalist and a revolutionary. Castro’s 1956 attack on President Batista in Havana happened two blocks from the hotel. During the fighting my grandmother helped her mother pushing the mattresses and box springs against the windows so no one could see inside their hotel room. My grandmother was placed inside the bathtub with her mother in case of any stray bullets. When the rebels retreated to the Sierra Maestra mountain range things quieted down enough to move the mattresses from the windows and assess the damage. During the next two years my grandmother’s family had nearly no people checking in to the National hotel. Her family decided that no matter who would win this war they needed to leave. So, Otto began to try and secure green cards for his family to enter the United States of America. This was very dangerous time for my grandmother’s family because the political allies that helped them thrive were now gone and Castro’s’ revolution was to create a socialist government. In a socialist society there is no class system, no rich or poor everyone is equal. In theory that’s nice, but that would also mean there would be no privately-owned hotels. One month after Castro’s triumphant precession through Havana my grandmother’s family boarded a plane to Miami. She remembers her mother crying b ecause they could only take one suitcase each with them. The government took possession of everything else they owned. From Miami they took a train to Virginia, luckily my grandmothers father spoke English and was able to get a job managing a hotel in Virginia. My grandmother said that her first memory of America was even though Cuba was a tropical paradise she couldn’t remember a time where she saw so many people happy. Within 6 months my grandmother spoke English, and her mother a year after that. They were one of the last families that would be allowed to leave Cuba legally. Many years later my grandmother saw on the news there were people trying to leave Cuba for the United States on rafts. Once Castro made Cuba the first communist country on the Western hemisphere in 1965, things got much worse. The people on those rafts were starving and all she could think of was how lucky her family was to get out when they did. Conclusion Before I interviewed my grandmother for this podcast I had heard some of these stories, but I never really understood until I did the research for this podcast. Most of the time I even forget that my grandmother is not from this country. My mother Tara Tietjen, was the first person in our family to be born in the United States. The strangest thing I learned from this interview was if my great grandfather Otto hadn’t gotten permission to enter the United states my family’s history might have been about escaping communism on a raft.

The Effect Of Reaction Time On The Brain - 1238 Words

â€Å"That step wasn’t there before!† and, â€Å"I didn’t trip. I was†¦. dancing,† are a few excuses that people may use when they make a mistake. It is not uncommon to hear people create these excuses to cover their embarrassment of missing the last step on the stairs, or for tripping over a crack in the sidewalk. Although some of these alibis may seem like reasonable answers, they are almost always incorrect. The proper explanation for events, such as the examples mentioned, is based on reaction time. The study of human reaction time triggered by stimulus has progressed over time; scientists now understand how reaction time works, what it is needed for, and what factors impact reaction time. Reaction time, like most subjects related to the brain, has an interesting history. At first, most scientists believed that mental processes in the human brain were too fast to be measured. However, a Dutch Physiologist named F.C. Donders started to think, about whether reaction time could be measured in 1965. Donder’s thoughts were backed up by research done by a English scientist and inventor Charles Wheatstone. In 1840, Wheatstone conducted an experiment where a patient’s foot was shocked. The test subject had to press a button using the hand that was on the same side as the foot that was shocked. Some patients knew which foot would be shocked and others did not know. There was a one-fifteenth second delay between the two. The was the first record of the mind being measured (Shannon, 2012).Show MoreRelatedThe Stroop Effect On The Reaction Time1254 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Stroop Effect. The Stroop Effect is a study that lead to the occurence where objects of incong ruent context and word display are used to find the reaction time it takes to determine the context of the word. The original way that is used to test the Stroop Effect is by printing a name of a color, in a varying font color. The purpose is to determine whether or not gender affects the reaction time it takes to determine what the color of the word is printed in. Two parts of the brain are used whenRead MoreThe Effects Of Sports Related Concussions On The Nervous System1298 Words   |  6 PagesSport-related concussions have gained a lot of attention in recent years due to the extensive research of the severity of these traumatic brain injuries and their long-term effects. Due to the increased attention, neuropsychological testing for the assessment and management of sport-related concussions has respectively grown as well. Assessments of sport-related concussions often incorporate a multifaceted approach in the diagnosis and tracking of concussions including many different aspects suchRead MoreAlcohol Is Linked With Memory865 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents drink alcohol at least one time (2015). There is a study shows that alcohol is linked with memory (Blume, A. W., Schmaling, K. B. Marlatt, G. A., 2005). This study explains that the amount of alcohol that person drink could lead to many problems such as facing difficulties in learning and remembering information. For example, a teacher made a test for his students about remembering the words that they took in the class, student who drink alcohol will forget most of the words because alcoholRead MoreThe Effects Of Talking On The Cellphone On Reaction Times1499 Words   |  6 Pages The Effects of Talking on the Cellphone on Reaction Times Garin McKenna Hour 5 Honors Biology I. Introduction Many automobile crashes today are caused by distracted drivers. One of the biggest distractions is texting and talking on the phone. Talking and texting on the phone distracts the driver, causing delayed reactions and more errors. It’s important for the road to have the full attention of the driver because little errors can cause huge consequences. Texting can obviouslyRead MoreReaction Time Will Change After Doing Exercise1578 Words   |  7 Pagessubject’s reaction time will change after doing exercise. Reaction time can be defined as the amount of time taken to react to a certain stimulus. One area in specific where reaction time plays an important role is sport. For example, how fast a sprinter reacts after the gun is fired to start, or how quickly an opponent boxer reacts to a punch. In both these examples the faster they react the better chance they have of being successful (Higher Faster Sports, Unknown) . Having a good reaction time alsoRead MoreThe Effects of Music on Reaction Time in Human Beings1534 Words   |  7 PagesBreland Crudup December 9, 2012 The Effects of Music on Reaction Time in Human Beings The Effects of Music on Reaction Time in Human Beings When performing many feats of physical skill, calculating how fast a person can perform the action has become a custom that has gained prominence in recent years. Observing how long it takes a person to perform an action, now known as observing the reaction time, has even gained enough importance to the point that it has even used in some scientific investigationsRead MoreThe Alteration of Human Abilities by Alcohol882 Words   |  4 Pagesresult in deficiency in motor skills such as walking. Not to mention slurred speech, slowed reaction times, blurred vision, and impaired memory. Some of these symptoms quickly diminish when drinking stops. Alternatively, a person who drinks heavily over a long period of time may have brain insufficiencies that carry on well after he or she reaches sobriety. Heavy drinking may have extensive effects on the brain, long-lasting and devastating conditions that require lifetime care; even modest drinkingRead MoreDriving while Drinking683 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are the effects of alcohol on driving? Driving a vehicle is a very complex activity that demands proper decision-making, total concentration, good co-ordination and rapid reflexes. In order to drive safely, it is essential to be alert, aware and able to make quick decisions in response to a constant rapidly changing environment. Alcohol alters the ability of the brain and body to function normally. It interferes with even the most experienced driver’s ability to drive safely. When alcoholRead MoreDrugs and Society Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesAlex Swenda SOS-304-OL009 WA 2 1b. List and describe briefly the major structures of the brain, as presented in your textbook, including the function of those elements that are most related to psychoactive drug reaction. The first layer of the brain is the cortex which covers the top and sides of the brain. This area controls reasoning and language, and this area will be less active when under sedative drugs. The basal ganglia are located underneath the cortex and it is made up of by the striatumRead MoreMarijuana And Its Effects On Marijuana1216 Words   |  5 PagesSonita Sao Professor Andrea Biology 101 Marijuana and Its Effects Marijuana is a type of medication produced by using the dried blossoms and leaves of the hemp plant. There is a large debate in the United States of America on whether marijuana should be legalized; Marijuana is the most used illegal drug in the USA (Klein, 2005). Marijuana is useful as it has been utilized and made legitimate in part of a few states despite the fact that there are numerous critics of these recent activities

The Hunters Phantom Chapter 15 Free Essays

As soon as Elena spoke Caleb’s name, the person on the cliff began to pul back out of their line of sight. After a moment of hesitation, Matt took off running pel -mel up the path toward where they’d seen him. It should have been sil y, Elena thought, the way they al reacted as if they’d been threatened. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Anyone had a right to hike the trails at Hot Springs, and Caleb – if it was Caleb – hadn’t done anything but peer down over the edge of the cliff at them. But nevertheless, there had been something ominous about the figure hovering so watchful y above them, and their reaction didn’t feel sil y. Bonnie gasped and her body relaxed as she came out of the trance. â€Å"What happened?† she asked. â€Å"Oh, gosh, not again.† â€Å"Do you remember anything?† Elena said. Bonnie shook her head mournful y. â€Å"You said, ‘He wants you, Elena,'† said Celia, examining Bonnie with a clinical y enthusiastic glint in her eye. â€Å"You don’t remember who you were talking about?† â€Å"I guess if he wanted Elena, it could have been anyone,† Bonnie said, her eyes narrowing. Elena stared at her. Had there been an uncharacteristic catty edge to Bonnie’s tone? But Bonnie grinned rueful y back at her, and Elena decided the comment had just been a joke. A few minutes later, Matt came back down the path, shaking his head. â€Å"Whoever it was just vanished,† he said, his forehead crinkled in confusion. â€Å"I couldn’t see anyone on the trail in either direction.† â€Å"Do you think he’s a werewolf, like Tyler was?† Bonnie asked. â€Å"You’re not the first person who’s asked me that,† Elena said, glancing at Stefan. â€Å"I just don’t know. I don’t think so, though. Caleb seems total y nice and normal. Remember how wolfy Tyler was even before he became a werewolf? Those big white teeth and his sort of animalness? Caleb’s not like that.† â€Å"Then why would he spy on us?† â€Å"I don’t know,† Elena said again, frustrated. She couldn’t think about this now. Her mind was stil swimming with the question: Could Damon be alive? What did Caleb matter, compared to that? â€Å"Maybe he was just hiking. I’m not even sure it was Caleb. It could have been some other guy with curly blond hair instead. Just a random hiker who got scared off when Matt went charging up the hil toward him.† Their discussion went in circles until eventual y Alaric took Meredith off to the hospital to have a doctor check out her ankle. The rest of them adjourned to the top of the fal s to gather up the picnic stuff. They al nibbled at the chips and brownies and fruit, and Matt made himself a hot dog on the hibachi gril , but the joy had gone out of the day. When Elena’s phone rang, it was a welcome relief. â€Å"Hey, Aunt Judith,† she said, forcing a cheerful note into her voice. â€Å"Hi,† Aunt Judith said hurriedly. â€Å"Listen, I have to go to the auditorium to help do al the girls’ hair and makeup, and Robert already wil have to leave work early to get to the recital on time. Would you do me a favor and pick up some flowers for Margaret on your way over? Something sweet and bal erinaish, if you know what I mean.† â€Å"No problem,† Elena said. â€Å"I know exactly what you mean. I’l see you there.† She wanted to forget for a while: forget mystery hikers and near-drownings and her constant alternating feelings of hope and despair about the appearance of Damon’s name. Watching her little sister twirl around in a tutu sounded just about right. â€Å"Terrific,† said Aunt Judith. â€Å"Thank you. Wel , if you are al the way up at Hot Springs, you’d better start heading home soon.† â€Å"Okay, Aunt Judith,† Elena said. â€Å"I’l get going now.† They said good-bye, and Elena hung up and started gathering her things together. â€Å"Stefan, can I take your car?† she asked. â€Å"I need to get to Margaret’s dance recital. You can give him a ride back, right, Matt? I’l cal you guys later and we’l work on figuring this out.† Stefan got to his feet. â€Å"I’l come with you.† â€Å"What?† said Elena. â€Å"No, you need to stay with Celia and get to the hospital to take care of Meredith, too.† Stefan took her arm. â€Å"Don’t go, then. You shouldn’t be alone now. None of us are safe. There’s something out there hunting us, and we need to al stick together. If we don’t let each other out of our sight, then we can al protect one another.† His leaf green eyes were clear and ful of anxiety and love, and Elena felt a pang of regret as she tugged her arm gently out of his grasp. â€Å"I need to go,† she said quietly. â€Å"If I spend al my time being scared and hiding, then the Guardians might as wel have let me stay dead. I need to be with my family and live as normal a life as I can.† She kissed him gently, lingering for a moment against the softness of his lips. â€Å"And you know they haven’t targeted me yet,† she said. â€Å"Nothing’s spel ed out my name. But I promise I’l be careful.† Stefan’s eyes were hard. â€Å"What about what Bonnie said?† he argued. â€Å"That he wants you? What if that means Caleb? He’s hanging around at your house, Elena! He could come after you at any time!† â€Å"Wel , I’m not going to be there. I’l be at a dance recital with my family beside me,† Elena pointed out. â€Å"Nothing wil happen to me today. It’s not my turn yet, is it?† â€Å"Elena, don’t be stupid!† Stefan snapped. â€Å"You’re in danger.† Elena bristled. Stupid? Stefan, no matter how stressed or anxious, had never treated her with less than total respect. â€Å"Excuse me?† Stefan reached for her. â€Å"Elena,† he said. â€Å"Let me come with you. I’l stay with you until nightfal and then keep watch outside your house tonight.† â€Å"It’s real y not necessary,† Elena said. â€Å"Protect Meredith and Celia instead. They’re the ones who need you.† Stefan’s face fel , and he looked so devastated that she relented a little, adding, â€Å"Please don’t worry, Stefan. I’l be careful, and I’l see you al tomorrow.† His jaw clenched, but he said nothing more, and she turned to make her way down the trail, not looking back. Once they were back at the boardinghouse, Stefan couldn’t relax. He couldn’t remember ever, in al his long life, feeling so edgy and uncomfortable in his own body. He itched and ached with anxiety. It was as if his skin were fitted too tightly over his bones, and he moved irritably, tapping his fingers against the table, cracking his neck, shrugging his shoulders, shifting back and forth in his chair. He wants you, Elena. What the hel did that mean? He wants you. And the sight of that dark, hulking figure up on the cliff, a shadow blotting out the sun, those golden curls shining like a halo above the figure’s head†¦ Stefan knew he should be with Elena. Al he wanted to do was to protect her. But she had dismissed him, had – metaphorical y, at least – patted him on the head and told him to stay, faithful guard dog that he was, and watch over someone else. To keep someone else safe. No matter that she was clearly in danger, that someone – some he – wanted her. Stil she didn’t want Stefan to be with her right now. What did Elena want? Now that Stefan stopped to think about it, it seemed that Elena wanted a host of incompatible things. To have Stefan as her loyal knight. Which he would always, always be, he asserted to himself, clenching his fist tightly. But she also wanted to hold on to the memories of Damon, and to keep that part of her she had shared with him private and pristine, separate from everyone else, even from Stefan. And she wanted so much more, too: to be the savior of her friends, of her town, of her world. To be loved and admired. To be in control. And to be a normal girl again. Wel , that normal life she had lived had been destroyed forever when she met Stefan, when he made the choice to let her into his world. He knew it was his fault, al of it, everything that fol owed after that, but he couldn’t be sorry that she was with him now. He loved her too much to have any room for regret. She was the center of his world, but at the same time, he knew it wasn’t the same for her. A hole inside him gaped with longing, and he moved restlessly in his chair. His canine teeth lengthened in his mouth. He couldn’t remember the last time he had felt so†¦ wrong. He couldn’t get the image of Caleb out of his head, looking down at them from the top of the cliff, as if checking to see whether whatever violence he’d hoped to cause had come to pass. â€Å"More tea, Stefan?† Mrs. Flowers asked him softly, breaking into his furious thoughts. She was leaning forward over a little table with the teapot, her wide blue eyes watching him from behind her glasses. Her face was so compassionate that he wondered what she could see in him. This elderly, wise woman always seemed to perceive so much more than anyone else; perhaps she could tel how he was feeling now. He realized she was stil waiting politely for his answer, the teapot suspended in one hand, and he nodded automatical y. â€Å"Thank you, Mrs. Flowers,† he said, offering forth his cup, which was stil half-ful of cold tea. He didn’t real y like the taste of normal human drinks; he hadn’t for a long time now, but sometimes drinking them made him fit in, made the others relax a bit more around him. When he didn’t eat or drink at al , he could sense Elena’s friends prickling, the hairs on the back of their necks rising, as some subconscious voice in them noted that he was not like them, adding it to al the other little differences he couldn’t control, and thereby concluding he was wrong. Mrs. Flowers fil ed his cup and sat back, satisfied. Picking up her knitting – something pink and fluffy – she smiled. â€Å"It’s so nice to have al you young people gathered together here,† she commented. â€Å"Such a lovely group of children.† Glancing at the others, Stefan had to wonder whether Mrs. Flowers was being gently sarcastic. Alaric and Meredith had returned from the hospital, where her injury had been diagnosed as a mild sprain and taped up by the emergency room nurse. Meredith’s usual y serene face was tight, probably at least partial y because of the pain and her irritation at knowing she’d have to stay off her foot for a couple of days. And partial y, Stefan suspected, because of where she was sitting. For some reason, when Alaric had helped her hobble into the living room and over to the couch, he had parked her directly next to Celia. Stefan didn’t consider himself an expert on romance – after al , he’d lived for hundreds of years and fal en in love only twice, and his romance with Katherine had been a disaster – but even he couldn’t miss the tension between Meredith and Celia. He wasn’t sure whether Alaric was as oblivious to it as he seemed or whether he was pretending obliviousness in the hope that the situation would blow over. Celia had changed into an elegant white sundress and sat flipping through a journal titled Forensic Anthropology, looking cool and composed. Meredith was, in contrast, unusual y grimy and smudged, her beautiful features and smooth olive skin marred by tiredness and pain. Alaric had taken a chair next to the couch. Celia, ignoring Meredith, leaned across her toward Alaric. â€Å"I think you might find this interesting,† she said to him. â€Å"It’s an article on the dental patterns in mummified bodies found on an island quite near Unmei no Shima.† Meredith shot Celia a nasty look. â€Å"Oh, yes,† she said quietly. â€Å"Teeth, how fascinating.† Celia’s mouth flattened into a line, but she didn’t reply. Alaric took the magazine with a polite murmur of interest, and Meredith frowned. Stefan frowned, too. Al the tension humming between Meredith, Celia, and Alaric – and now that he was watching, he could tel that Alaric knew exactly what was going on between the two young women and was flattered, irritated, and anxious in equal parts – was interfering with Stefan’s Powers. While he’d sat and sipped his first cup of tea, reluctantly fol owing Elena’s command to â€Å"stay,† Stefan had been sending out tendrils of Power, trying to sense whether Elena had made it home, whether anything had stopped her on her way. Whether Caleb had stopped her. But he hadn’t been able to find her, even with his senses extended to their utmost. Once or twice, he’d caught what felt like a fleeting impression of what might be the very specific sound, scent, and aura that unmistakably meant Elena, but then it slipped away from him. He’d blamed the fact that he couldn’t locate her on his weakening Powers, but now it was clear to him what was keeping him from finding her. Al the emotion in this room: the pounding hearts, the flushes of anger, the acrid scent of jealousy. Stefan pul ed himself back, tried to quel the rage rising within him. These people – his friends, he reminded himself – were not purposely interfering. They couldn’t help their emotions. He took a swig of his rapidly cooling tea, trying to relax before he lost control, and winced at the taste. Tea wasn’t what he was craving, he realized. He needed to get out to the forest soon and hunt. He needed blood. No, he needed to find out exactly what Caleb Smal wood was up to. He stood up so abruptly, so violently, the chair rocked unsteadily beneath him. â€Å"Stefan?† Matt asked in an alarmed voice. â€Å"What is it?† Bonnie’s eyes were enormous. Stefan glanced around the circle of distracted faces, now al watching him. â€Å"I have to go.† Then he turned on his heels and ran. How to cite The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 15, Essay examples

Global Dimensions for American Multinational Oil- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGlobal Dimensions for American Multinational Oil. Answer: Introduction ExxonMobil Corporation, an American Multinational oil and gas corporation has its establishment on 1999, by the union of Exxon and Mobil. It is known as one of the largest publicly funded organizations in the world and is known for manufacturing as well as marketing of commodity petrochemicals that involve aromatics, polyethylene along with a range of specialized products (Weill, Peter and Woerner). The company being head quartered in Texas, has its chief business operations in energy that includes exploration for along with manufacture and sale of crude lubricants and natural gas, petroleum services. ExxonMobil has its engagement in the exploration, development as well as supply of oil, gas along with petroleum products (Valenti et al.). The company further has its operations through upstream, downstream and chemical that is responsible for generating crude oil, trades petroleum and provides petrochemicals. ExxonMobil has its commitment in developing as the leading petroleum and petrochemical organization of the world, further thriving to achieve greater economic and operating outcomes with adherence to the chief standards of business values and principles. The company owns almost 70% of the outstanding distribution of Imperial Oil Ltd in Canada whereby it functions with the established oil and gas distribution chain. The Imperial Oil is engaged in selling fuel products through its connection of over 1500 gasoline service stations functioning under ExxonMobils Esso brand (Touchette). The company operates facilities, sells products in majority of the nations, and further has its exploration for oil and gas catering six continents. ExxonMobil operates in over 200 nations across the world such as UAE, Qatar, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Belgium and several other nations including South America and North America. Few countries are chosen to explore gas and petroleum whereas some nations where Exx onMobil is operating have been designated for the industrialization of chemicals, oils, and market petroleum. The oil and gas domain of the company has its expansion from western region of Texas to West Africa along with ranging from Australia to Alaskan region. It functions in deep seas, arctic ice region as well as desert areas located in some of the remote regions of the world. Furthermore, the multinational corporation has its accessibility to over 55 trillion cubic feet belonging to proven reserves and further exposed resources of almost 180 trillion cubic feet (Touchette). ExxonMobil has oil and gas sales in more than 25 nations and across 5 continents. ExxonMobil being regarded as one of the leading Oil and Gas Company in the world acquired the revenue of more than $250 billion. The companys increased revenue generation has been derived from its enormous oil and gas supply and resources. According to few reports, in 2017, ExxonMobil has been estimated to have produced the com parable of over 4 million barrels of lubricants per day. However, it has been anticipated that the company would become the fourth largest global oil manufacturer whereby, its level of production is lower than the amount of lubricants extracted from Russia that is estimated at 10.5 million and in the United States of more than 9 million (Shaaban, Mohamed and Petinrin). The company has initiated the comprehensive work on a potential US Gulf Coast project in order to extend polypropylene production power by over 400,000 tons a year in order to accomplish the increasing demand for high level performance, that has been expected to be several hundred million dollars by the next five years. The company supposedly has been positioned to take benefits of the elevating demands for increased value services in North America along with the increase growth catering to Asia Pacific regions (Yusuf et al). It has been noted that excess production of locally manufactured lubricants and natural gas h ave caused reduction to energy costs and further created existing resources of feedstock for the chemical industrialization of chemicals in the US (MacDiarmid et al). It is important to note that the majority section of strategized funding of ExxonMobil in the Gulf Coast region concentrates on the delivering to developing markets such as Asia with high-stipulated products, further stimulating the recent economic development locally. However, these funds have been considered as one of the recent facilities planned to develop the chemical industrializing competence in North America as well as Asia Pacific by almost 40% (Shaaban, Mohamed and Petinrin). Such investments including the two excellent stream crackers in the US will facilitate the organization to accomplish the elevating demand in nations of Asia and other emerging markets. Vietnam can be chosen as a potential market for ExxonMobil in order to start its subsidy (Ratner, Michael and Mary Tiemann). The economic performance of Vietnam has shown resilience further reflecting vigorous export-related manufacturing, well established local demand along with ongoing agricultural return. The GDP growth has been expected at about 7 percent in 2017 that has been regarded as a rapid expansion of the agricultural domain, with increasing international and domestic demand that elevated the manufacturing and business of the nation further united with vigorous foreign venture inflows (Touchette). Furthermore, it must be noted that the US natural gas manufacturers have actualized itself as an energy sector during the ban on crude lubricants exportation that was lifted in 2016. The cost diminution acquired by eccentric US manufacturers has been noteworthy. Furthermore, a dynamic industry like oil and gas further requires a healthy ecosystem of manufacturers, service suppliers, along with other producers (Ayling, Julie and Gunningham). OPEC another renowned oil and gas company has recently declared its cost reduction with Russia whereas the costs have been raised by mid$ 50 per barrel range. The oil cost that collapsed two years ago had immense effect of cost reduction among the upstream businesses of global oil and gas organizations further lacerated the capital outflow by over 35% (MacDiarmid et al). However, with the recent hike in oil price have been partly increased by the decision of cost reduction by OPEC. The oil and gas industry has been actively participating in the performance of CSR activities. Companies like ExxonMobil has been working on safety, health, management of climate change risks and other environmental and community investment activities. Similarly, Royal Dutch Shell and British Petroleum have been working on women empowerment along with several social, environmental as well as financial activities. References Ayling, Julie, and Neil Gunningham. "Non-state governance and climate policy: the fossil fuel divestment movement."Climate Policy17.2 (2017): 131-149. MacDiarmid, Donald G., et al. "The Oil and Gas ROFR: Understanding Current ROFR Issues from the Point of View of the Transactional Lawyer, the Litigator, and In-House Counsel."Alberta Law Review55.2 (2017). Ratner, Michael, and Mary Tiemann. "An overview of unconventional oil and natural gas: resources and federal actions."Congressional Research Service21 (2014). Shaaban, Mohamed, and J. O. Petinrin. "Renewable energy potentials in Nigeria: meeting rural energy needs."Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews29 (2014): 72-84. Touchette, Yanick.G20 subsidies to oil, gas and coal production: Canada. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2015. Valenti, Alix, Lila L. Carden, and Raphael O. Boyd. "Corporate social responsibility and businesses: Examining the criteria for effective corporate implementation utilizing case studies."International Journal of Business and Social Science5.3 (2014). Weill, Peter, and Stephanie L. Woerner. "The Future of the CIO in a Digital Economy."MIS Quarterly Executive12.2 (2013). Yusuf, Yahaya Y., et al. "A relational study of supply chain agility, competitiveness and business performance in the oil and gas industry."International Journal of Production Economics147 (2014): 531-543.

Theater Review The Arabian Nights Essay Example For Students

Theater Review The Arabian Nights Essay On April 21st, 2015, the American University of Sharjahs’ College of Arts and Sciences Performing Arts Program presented Mary Zimmerman’s finest theatrical adaptation play â€Å"The Arabian Nights† in the Arts Rotunda. This play was edited and directed by Professor Anthony Tassa, who dedicated two months of rehearsals with the cast to make this performance as outstanding as it turned out to be. With the help of Professor Ted O. Rhyner, the lighting and Scenic Design coordinator and Technical Director, made the stage come to life. Zimmerman’s play first showcased in 2008 at the Berkeley Repertory Theatre, having the intensity in each of the character roles within the characters themselves put a lot of pressure and expectation upon watching the final production. Furthermore, this fascinating production consisted of two acts; within these acts, a lot of scenes with different themes took place on stage. The multiple scenes in the first act mainly consisted of stories that were voiced through Shahrezade and deep into each of the stories within the other characters in order to buy more time and survive Shahryars blade. We will write a custom essay on Theater Review The Arabian Nights specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Act two talked about the slow buildup and progression of Shahryar and Shahrezade’s relationship through the tales Shahrezade told and Shahryars reaction to them. The show concludes with Shahryar confessing his love to Shahrezade. Both Acts in the play entailed a lot of characters, which were played by the same actors within different characters. Other than being the main character that the play revolved around, Shahrezade played a huge role as she was the narrator and guide to the audience to follow throughout this play. During the play, I really came to enjoy the performance of every actor but of them all, I mostly enjoyed Noor Safieh’s performance which played multiple characters like Perfect love, Tortoise and little girl. Her deliverance of each roles playfulness and outbursts were on point. Since I have studied this play thoroughly in my Theatre 242 class this semester, I could relate all that I have done on the script analysis to a live performance which to me was perfected by the deliverance in some performances and crew. Starting with her facial expressions and up to the way she used her hand gestures when performing, all of the detailed movements with her costume and props also contributed to the depth of her character. Along with her performance, her hair, costume and the set added to the success of the character at that era. Everything really blended in and could be seen plainly through some of the characters. Moreover, her final role as little girl in Act two was superb, the pitch change in her voice, with each plea and line she stated were incredible. To be able to switch in character and personality from sultry and flirtatious self to an innocent little girl was outstandingly captivating. In addition to Noor Safieh’s performance, I would also like to discuss the performance of Julian Hedlund-Drumm who played Shahryar and the Mock Khalifa’s character. Starting with the moment he entered the stage in Act one, until the very last scene in Act two, Julian was right man for this role. No one could have done it better, with his arrogance and movements on stage. Likewise, while running his lines during the course of his performance, he had demanding presence, a strong voice and remarkable spot on facial expressions. An audience like myself would not buy confidence and superiority from a character if the actor himself did not perfect it. And that is indeed what happened with his performance, his never ending need to slit his one night stands to his complete transformation at the end of act two was wonderful. I was astonished as to how much the Theatre courses in AUS could do to one’s ability to perform in such a delicate, yet manly way. .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb , .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb .postImageUrl , .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb , .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb:hover , .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb:visited , .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb:active { border:0!important; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb:active , .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3cb624d58fd3f4d61ac76bbf06462ddb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arthur Miller In the Crucible EssayIn addition to Julian Hedlund-Drumm, Noor Safieh and the rest of the cast, the dancing scenes along with the Choir throughout the play gave the audience a sense of connection and converse with the marvelous performance. Moving on, the Technical crew did an outstanding job as well, having the stage set and built so that each scene of the play and acts fit together, really impressed me, because without them the whole play wouldn’t have had the same outcome as it did. In addition to that, the way the lights were set out and played with to satisfy the right effects for a specific scene captured the essence of both the characters and their surroundings. Special thanks and gratitude should be given the Technical Crew, Artistic team as well as the Costume and Wardrobe team for handling such a hard task in a professional manner, as it is not that easy to create a stage and whole scenery from scratch. In conclusion, being a member of the audience, while keeping in mind the notes I was taking throughout the performance, other members of the audience perception also helped me while I evaluated the play as a whole. Everyone seemed amused and interested at what came next, no yawning, no distractions and no talking took place as the performers were on stage. From what I have learnt about the story line and script, I thought to myself, something would go wrong during the show. But on the contrary, it was really entertaining and beautiful to watch. I would recommend everyone to take some time to watch this play, because it was played beautifully.

A personal response Thomas Kinsella Essay Example

A personal response Thomas Kinsella Essay Example A personal response Thomas Kinsella Paper A personal response Thomas Kinsella Paper Thomas Kinsella is a poet that is very aware of transience. He also shows me through his poetry that the things we remember as children take on a different meaning when we are older and also that when someone passes away, we also look at the memories of that person in a different way. His poetry has a harsh outlook on aging, getting old and even gaining knowledge to a degree, however he is not all doom and gloom (as we see in Model school, Inchichore and Dick King), he can also take a positive view on things, even death! My favourite aspect of his poetry is the way he can show you a new perspective while still using simple, everyday language for the most part. Sometimes, his poems can be read in a number of different ways! Kinsella is unique from other poets in the fact that he was influenced by theories of Carl Jung. No other poet I have studied on the leaving cert course that uses outside inspiration as strongly. He also writes a good deal about people in his life, or who were in his life, in his poetry and I think that stands to him as a person. It shows that even in his work, he thinks about those who mean a lot to him. A poem that has a very strong sense of transience is Mirror in February. The poet has an epiphany while shaving in the mirror one day. He realizes that he is the same age as Jesus when he died,reach the age of Christ, but yet the poet has not accomplished his lifes mission. To me, it seems as if the poet obsesses over his age and the fear of growing old for they are not made whole. Kinsella is jealous of the trees because they get hacked clean for better bearing and return again during the Spring, whereas Kinsella cannot just be renewed. When he ages, the years stay with him, how should the flesh not quail that span for span is mutilated more? . We can tell that Kinsella is not happy with the idea of himself growing old, while the trees stay seemingly ageless, In slow distaste. This poem gives me a good insight of the feelings that Im sure many of the adults in my life have experienced at some stage in their lives, and feelings that, I am sure, I will face in time. It has also shown me that although aging is inevitably a part of life, I can go about it in two ways. I can deny it for as long as I can before I have to accept the it, or I can do what Kinsella does in this poem, which I much prefer, and just accept it as part of life. I fold my towel. not young and not renewable, but man. Kinsella isnt happy about the fact that hes aging (and who is? ) but he can accept it and enjoy the time he has left with pride in being who he is, and I like that about him as a person. The main poem from kinsellas works that shows transience is His fathers Hands. This poem is too erratic and long for my liking but I can certainly relate to what he says and this is probably the poem I can relate to most out of all of Kinsellas poems that we have studied throughout the leaving cert course. Things like how his father destroys the point by prodding the air, remind me of my family as my father does the exact same his fingers prodded and prodded marring his point. When my father does it, I too, zone out and start thinking of other things. Kinsellas grandfather also reminds me of my own. My dad is the spitting image of him, so I often think of my grandfather when I see my dad. This is exactly what Kinsella does as well. I have watched his fathers hands before him. My grandfather is also very hard of hearing and near blind, as the grandfather in His fathers hands is. To his deaf, inclined head. This poem reminds me of my grandfather and for that reason alone, I really like this poem. However unlike this poem, my grandfather is not an isolated figure, that is looked upon with pity, my grandfather is the life and soul of a party at times and so I can never read this poem and feel the sadness and loneliness that others do, but that is a plus in my eyes. This poem actually inspired me to look back to my roots, and discover more about who my family was before me. And some years before that the Family came from somewhere around Tullow. Although the style of the poem isnt the type I normally like, this poem is very memorable to me and I dont think I will ever forget it because of the effect it has had on me.

Difference Between the Tax System - the United States vs Italy Case Study

Difference Between the Tax System - the United States vs Italy - Case Study Example The author notes that the assumption by the revenue authority is true as organizations understate their revenues in readiness for bargaining with the tax authority in the actual tax payable. The aim of the approach is to earn more tax from taxpayers, than the amount that the taxpayers would pay based on their returns. The approach has further been integrated in Italy’s corporate culture such that organizations would underestimate their income, while filing tax returns, in order to gain ground for negotiating the final payable amount (Brooks and Dunn, 2009). The revenue authority also expects higher tax payments than organizations’ reported values and final payable values establish benchmarks for future tax payable amounts. This approach, according to the writer, works well with Italian firms or foreign firms that can adjust to the Italian practice. Those that are rigid to follow legal and moral provisions of their native countries, however, find it hard to cope with tax demand in Italy. The author also notes that the revenue authority is willing to intimidate taxpayers to adjust to the system and embrace the negotiation approach. The example of an American general manager explains this as he receives intimidating notices following his failure to embrace the negotiation approach. When he finally visits the revenue authority’s office, they inform him of the need for dialogue (Brooks and Dunn, 2009). I agree with the writer’s proposition that the Italian culture of tax collection is different from approaches in jurisdictions, such as in the United States, and that such differences are likely to create challenges to stakeholders from the other jurisdictions. The existence of differences in other aspects of culture across nations informs my support for the author’s proposition. While some cultures value collectivism, other value individualism. Similarly, while culture in some nations allows for informal appreciations during or after contract formations, other cultures may consider such advances immoral.  

Tsotsi Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tsotsi - Assignment Example At a young age, Tsotsi ran away from home because his mother was bedridden and dying, and his father was an alcoholic. His father even crippled the only friend and playmate he had ever known – his dog. He did not finish his studies because he had nobody to support him; he did not have much family values because he had to fend for himself at a young age. He lived on the streets and it was there that he learned how to survive. Thus his life of violence began, which resulted to his low regard for the value of life. On a mid-level, the social issues which affected the community in this movie were: poverty, violence, gangs, crime and guns. The movie depicted numerous signs of poverty especially in the community where Tsotsi lived. The small houses built side by side, the tiny, winding passageways, the shanties and unpaved roads are all indications of the destitution in the locality. The presence of gangs or groups which perpetrated criminal activities was high and this meant much violence, the use of guns, and merciless killings. At first, Tsotsi embodied everything which pertained to gangsters. Later on, however, when the baby came along and he experienced taking care of the child, it gave him a learning experience which transformed him into a different person altogether. The social issues affecting the nation at a macro-level are also reflected in this movie, which are as follows: juvenile delinquency, crime, class struggle, income and poverty. Young children on the streets who are left to survive on their own without sufficient nutrition, appropriate education and proper guidance will most likely result to juvenile delinquency in the near future. Poverty and income in Africa are connected too since there are very few income opportunities, hence the prevalence of poverty. Without any decent source of income, the poor become desperate in their struggle to survive, and while some still

Food Processing in Agricultural Regions

Food Processing in Agricultural Regions Agricultural regions in any country, including the United Kingdom, have historically been seen as poorer neighbours to the more industrialised areas of any particular country (Pierpont 1997). This position has been brought about mainly as a result of the fact that pay, employment opportunity and economic output tends to be lower than other areas of industry. The logistical problem in terms of transport and flexibility of workforce is also a contributory factor. Consequently, many agricultural regions have seen a significant decline in fortunes and employment during the course of the past three decades. In an effort to these problems, governments at local, national and regional levels have been seeking to produce a range of strategies that will support and regenerate agricultural, the results of which have met with mixed levels of success. Irrespective of the help afforded to them, many agricultural areas still remain relatively weak. Where improvements are achieved, often it is at the expense of the agricultural industry itself. For example, promotion of cultural tourism, whilst it may benefit some agricultural communities, does not address the core issues, namely improving the indigenous industry and food production chain. However, recent studies carried out have suggested that there may be another way to approach the issue. This research, as reported by Peter Pierpont (1997), suggests that if the development of food processing is encouraged within an agricultural area, it can result in an increased level of prosperity, producing subsequent improvements in employment, economic output and the GDP per head (Pierpont 1997). Aims and Objectives The aim of this paper is to evaluate the hypothesis set by Peter Pierpont (1997) and to ascertain if the development of food processing in agricultural areas can provide a route to prosperity. To assist with the analysis for this purpose the UK agricultural regions of Cornwall and Wales will be used as case studies, with other agricultural regions within the UK and Europe being used for comparative purposes. Concentrating on the UK in particular, to enable the goals of this research to be achieved it is intended to focus the paper upon the following objectives: Provide an analysis of the historical development of the agricultural industry, paying particular attention to this sector within the United Kingdom. To provide a detailed analysis of the two selected agricultural areas, which will include the past and present economic and employment positions. Analyse and evaluate the impact that the development of food processing has upon selected agricultural regions. Evaluate the synergy that is said to exist between the agricultural and food processing industries. Overview of the research Following this introduction, chapter two provides a brief background of the development of both the agricultural and food processing industries. This is followed by a critical literary review within chapter three. Chapter four provides details of the methods used for the research required for this paper, with the findings from resulted from the research are analysed and discussed in full in chapter five. The conclusion of this study, together with any recommendations that are considered appropriate, are outlined in chapter six. Chapter 2 Background Following the advances in technology over the course of the past three decades, there have been significant changes witnessed both within the agricultural and food processing, as they exist in the UK. UK Agricultural Industry Following WWII, the concentration upon the economic value of British agriculture came a poor last place to other industries as the UK sought to rebuild its economic position. Thus agriculture was basically left to fend for itself as it sought to compete with an increasing level of food products being imported from overseas markets (Greer 2005, p.86). In line with the general industry trends, in both of the selected areas there has been a decline in the agriculture economy during the course of the past three decades, despite the fact that the rural areas have historically relied upon this industry to maintain their local communities. In the UK the rural farming decline has been exacerbated by the concentration of farming methods undertaken by large corporations together with the increasing levels of imported produce, which can be purchased at prices that the UK farmers cannot compete. Similarly, the pressure from retailers for lower pricing has reduced the competitiveness of the local farms. Evidence of these events can be seen from the following (figure 1). This table shows how, during the past decade the agricultural industry contribution to the UK economy has fallen to nearly half of its 1996 value and the GDP by two thirds. Furthermore, whilst our exports in this area have remained relatively static, imports have increased by nearly 40%, which has affected the country’s self-sufficiency levels. Similarly, although net farm incomes have steadily increased since 1999, the total income from farming has halved, which indicates the size of the agricultural resources that have been lost since the turn of the century. The concentration of farming into bigger units has been more pronounced in the UK, with an average farm size of 66.7 hectares, than most other areas of Europe, as is evidenced from the following table(figure 2). Even in countries such as France and Germany farm sizes are significantly smaller. Figure 2 Farm Sizes At the same time as the above results were being witnessed, there was also a significant drop in employment within the industry. This was partially due to the economic position of Agriculture, but at the same time the historical tradition of offspring following their parents onto the farms was also being broken, with less enthusiasm being shown for taken over the role of farmers due to the long hours of work required for relatively low levels of return. Figure 2 shows how severe this decline was in the five years to 2000, with a loss of over sixty thousand employees in that period representing nearly ten present of the previous workforce. The loss of skilled workers resulting from persons leaving the industry served to exacerbated the economic problems that it was experiencing. Figure 3 Fall in workforce In the case of Cornwall, much of this decline has also been fuelled by the increasing concentration upon the tourism attraction of the area. For example, due to the economic benefits, many traditional farmers have transferred the usage of parts of their agricultural landform food production to activities that will capture a share of the tourist market, such as campsites and caravan parks. The position in Wales has become even more extreme than Cornwall. Central Wales is a more remote location than its Cornish counterpart, with a low internal level of infrastructure and a less developed transportation systems, which makes it less accessible for business and consumers alike. As a result, local businesses and services such as health care have closed or transferred their services to towns and cities, and much of the rural population has followed. This situation, together with the economic decline in agriculture as previously outlined, has led to many farms in the area becoming economically unviable. UK Food Processing Industry Food processing is defined as being any method or technique that issued to transform the raw product, being meat, vegetable, cereals another food products, to an edible dish for the average human. Without this part of the supply chain our diets would be more limited than they are today, with less variety to choose from and a more seasonal aspect to the food we purchase. Therefore any process, from the preparation of meat at the Butchers to the preparation of ready-made meals for consumer consumption on sale in supermarkets is a part of this process. Food processing also increases the durability of the product, increasing the shelf and use life, which has the effect of reducing waste whilst at the same time increasing the quantity of supply. Indeed, as the BNF (Factsheet 2000) rightly observe, â€Å"without food processing it would not be possible to sustain the needs of modern urban populations. Prior to the advent of new industrialisation methods, mass production and the new technology area, the majority of the food processing system was conducted at a local level. However, subsequent to these events, the food processing systems and organisations became centralised into the more industrialised areas of the country. The major contributory factors behind this evolution of the food processing industry away from local to a central location was partially dictated by the increased access to labour, which due to its proximity to the workplace was in plentiful supply at a lower cost, together with the advent of the mass production process. In addition, such areas of the country and region enjoyed easier access to the national and international transport network. All of these advantages meant that the businesses involved could reduce costs and increase the speed of the production process. The centralisation of the food-processing sector of the supply chain was also driven by changes in consumer demands and expectations. As supplies became more plentiful and the retail supermarket phenomena expanded throughout the country the consumer demanded lower prices in the food sector. To deliver this supermarkets needed to reduce their own costs, which could only be achieved by them having access to centralised purchasing outlets, rather than the previously diverse and expensive distribution network. One abnormality that has arisen from this development is that often products harvested locally are often transported out of their local area to be processed and then returned to the shops within the same locality for sale through stores. For example, the raw milk product could be collected from the dairy farmer, transported to a processing plant a distance away from that farm and then, once it has been processed into the carton that we see on supermarket shelves, re-transported back to the local supermarket in the same area. Chapter 3 Literature Review Agricultural industry Much has been written about the UK agricultural industry over the years and regarding the way it has developed, and there are a variety of views regarding the way it should develop in the future. Hector(1969) believes that in essence the industry has developed on the basis of an internal colony, with each area being a part of, but in essence operating as a separate unit from the whole. Indeed, if one looks at the UK just after the war, when â€Å"home gardens and allotments used to be vital sources of food† (Petty 2002, p.185), it is easy to see how this insular and separate attitude can develop. In the first half of the twentieth century the British people had a very independent manner and were set in their ways. This contributes to the reason why, despite advances that have been made in agriculture over the years, in earlier section of his research Petty (2002, p.72) discovered that, in the main, the processes used to produce food on modern farms is still very conventional. Despite the fact that the agricultural industry as an element of the National economy has become significantly less important over the years, there are still certain areas where it is considered to have an essential impact on the local community in terms of the revenue it contributes (Greer 2005, p.74 and p.77). These include such regions as Wales, with its unique hill farming industry, East Anglia for the cereal output and, to some extent, Cornwall for its wheat and grain. In Wales for example, over a wide area of the country agriculture is still the industry that is central to the regions community and economy. However, despite this fact the area has still witness a reduction in the number of people employed in agriculture (Jones 1999, p.185 andp.309). As has been noted earlier, most other agricultural regions, including Cornwall have experienced a similar decline in the employment base. Nevertheless, in terms of preserving the countryside and agricultural industry, there is still somewhere in the region of eighteen million hectares of land in the United Kingdom that is used for agricultural purpose (Petty 2002, p.30), for which an effective management strategy has needed to be developed over the years. Certainly, if the UK wishes to halt the decline in the levels of self-sufficiency However, as has been widely recorded, efforts to revitalise the industry have been thwarted by several events that have had an adverse effect upon the industry. For example, in early 2001, as noted by Agriculture (2007), the decline was exacerbated by a serious outbreak of foot and mouth within the animal population and this, followed by health risks from BSE and swine fever, severely curtailed the agricultural industry’s ability to expand within both the home and international market places. Following these events, and in an effort to reposition the importance of agriculture within the economy, the NFU , one of the most active representative bodies for the industry campaigned for the government and the EU to create an innovative plan in an effort â€Å"to restore public confidence in home produced food† (Greer 2005, p.40). Similarly, farmers in Wales in the late part of the last century engaged in a series of active protests, which were aimed mainly at reducing the effect that subsidised imports In response to these concerns and also as a result of the initiatives set in place by the European Union, DEFRA has produced and discussed a number of strategies over recent years. With the central focus of these being action required nationally to seek a restructure of the agricultural industry into a more efficient sector (Greer 2005, p.129),the organisation’s purpose is to restore the former prosperity of the regions. Whilst maintaining the unified approach, development plans have been set in place for â€Å"England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland† (Greer 2005, p.41). However, it has been recognised that to prosper, agriculture has to seek new and innovative ways to add value to its industry, which entailed a certain level of diversity from traditional methods and approaches if the industry was to achieve recovery and become competitive nationally and internationally. Initially some areas, such as Cornwall, have taken the â€Å"colonial â€Å"approach discussed within Hector (1969) and sought other ways of increasing their individual incomes and prosperity. As has already been mentioned, in this particular region, many turned to tourism for this result. However, with the advent of â€Å"cheap† flights and travel, even this opportunity is now in decline. Thus the industry needs to look for more sustainable options. To this end Peter Pierpont (1997) suggested research shows that combining the development of food processing within the agricultural regions may provide a positive option. Food Processing As with any are of industry, a range of supplementary operations has grown around agriculture. These indirectly include such organisations as financial institutions, equipment manufacturers and suppliers and the chemical and biotechnology organisations. However, the most directly linked ancillary industry to agriculture is food processing (Greer 2005, p.49). It is totally apparent that the two industries and inter-dependent. From the food producers to the processing and packaging operations and then on to the retailers, all of these areas are an integral part of the food supply chain. As has been previously noted, in the past the agricultural industry and regions have tended to remain separate from the rest of the food supply chain. The perceived advantage of this approach was seen to be that farmers felt comfortable and confident within their own business environment and, as long as they were producing the required levels of products, saw this as their main income generator. However, the disadvantage was that, as the retail industry became more organised and, with the development of supermarkets and other price conscious outlets, so they began to have more influence upon the agricultural industry, forcing down prices and demanding higher yields and quality, all of which added to the economic difficulties being experience within the agricultural regions. However, European Union regional data strongly suggests that agricultural regions that have taken it upon themselves to develop the food processing industry at a local level have seen increased value-added to the industry itself (Pierpont 1997) although, in his study he suggests that the structure of the French farming industry has given it an advantage in this area over their Cornish counterparts, despite the geographical and socio-economic similarities. Nevertheless, in Cornwall and other agricultural areas of the UK, those within the agricultural industry are beginning to take notice of the agro-food approach. For example, a group of growers and farmers from the southwest regions of Cornwall across to Hampshire have formed their own â€Å"organic marketing co-op,† (Petty 2002, p.112) which provides a better value basis for the sale of products to the retail market. Similarly, in Wales certain regions have created action plans for their agricultural industries which includes integrating more of the food processing and supply aspect of the food chain within their region, thus enabling them to benefit from the added-value of a resource that had previously not been available to them (Greer 2005, p.194). It is argued by researches that creating a more localised food processing sector within the agricultural regions, where farmers and producers can be more directly involved with other areas of the food chain, including preparation, distribution and marketing, will produce positive results in terms of the financial stability and growth within the farming and rural communities. Summary It is clear from the research that has been carried out into agriculture, that there is a need to address the decline within the industry, which as can be seen from figure 1 (page 7 of this report)has fallen by ten present in the last decade. The majority of this research shows that the last three decades have seen a consistent decline in the fortunes of the industry, both in terms of its economic value to the UK economy as a whole, and in relation to employment statistics. Some researchers see developing the food processing industry within the agricultural regions as the way forward and the route to prosperity. The question is whether this theory is supported by the facts within the areas being used as a case study in this paper. Chapter 4 Research Methodology Research objective Within the introduction section of this study, the four key objectives for the research were outlined. The research into how the agricultural industry has developed, particularly in relation to United Kingdom provides essential background information, which will assist in understanding why these areas have become of such concern to government and non-governmental organisations over recent decades. The choice of Cornwall and Wales for the case study is appropriate because in the case of the former, much attention over recent decades has been concentrated upon developing the tourism attraction, rather than agricultural needs of the area. Wales provides a much larger agricultural environment, which has to compete with small pockets of heavily industrialised regions, specifically on coastal areas. Food processing, up until the last decade, has been seen mainly as an industrial activity and therefore it is important to understand how the transfer of this activity to agricultural regions has both evolved and to what extent the case study areas have benefited from this latest development. Similarly, as an integral part of this area of research, the relevant synergies will provide a better understanding of the basis for accuracy of the hypothesis. Choice of research approach Due to the nature of the area being research, it is felt that the qualitative method or research, which uses primary data as its basis(Collis and Hussey 2003, p.53), would not have been appropriate. The questionnaire and research based approach, whilst useful, would not have provided the necessary detailed research information that is required for the purpose of adding to the understanding of the issue of food processing development in agricultural regions, apart from giving some indication as to how the various stakeholders, specifically those who operate within the respective industries, have reacted to this evolution. The significant level of research and statistical data required for this study led the author to believe that the quantitative research approach would be a more productive approach. In an endeavour to ensure the reliability of the data researched, a wide and diverse range of sources has been used for this study (Collis and Hussey 2003. p.71). This situation provided the author with the ability to cross-refer and check the accuracy, impartiality and validity of the information gathered, which enables the highest possible level of objectivity to be attached to the conclusions and recommendations reached. Industry Data With regards to the data relating to the agricultural and food processing industries, this has been acquired from a variety of sources, which includes UK and EU government departments and other industry associations and observers. Included within this data is the relevant statistical information from UK and EU surveys. Additional data was obtained from Internet sources, books, journals and other industry and economic sources. Wherever possible prime sources have been used for data gathering, particularly in relation to the strategies and policies that have been suggested and implemented by teak and EU governments. This data includes current and suggested policy documents. Selected areas case study In keeping with the advices given by researchers such as Collis and Hussey (2003), a substantial amount of time has been expended in digesting all of the material available in relation to the agriculture industry in Cornwall and Wales, to make sure that the chosen material was apposite to the objectives and questions being sought. Furthermore, data from organizations active within the two selected areas was also used. These sources, together with others, were used to obtain past and future strategic information as well as for outlining the current position of the agricultural and food processing industries in both of these regions of the country. To provide objectivity in regards to this data, industry reports and independent research carried out bother experts in the respective industries were also reviewed. The reason for the choice of these two areas is that, whilst there are similarities in terms of their agricultural heritage, they differ in terms of economic and political development and evolution. Politically Cornwall is still an integral part of the UK political structure, whereas Wales has a degree of devolved power. Economically Cornwall has attracted a wider diversity of activities and services, particularly within the tourism sector, whereas this has impacted upon Wales to lesser extent. In order to achieve a comparative benchmark for the case study, the areas selected have been assessed against similar regions within other member states of the European Union. In this instance, information from the EU itself and various sources within the selected nation states, have been used. Chapter 5 Findings, Analysis and Discussion To enable an analysis of the hypothesis that was set at the commencement of this paper, it was decided to use two distinct Agricultural regions, these being Cornwall and Wales for the reasons that have been outlined previously. Agricultural regions – Cornwall Cornwall is set in the South West of the UK. Although it is traditionally an agricultural region, it has perhaps become better known since the Second World War as a tourist area. Nevertheless, it still has a significant agricultural base within its economy, which is still seen as one of the primary industries for the county (Cornwall County Council 2007), with a growth in the number of holdings during the period from 1997 to 2001 (see figure 4), which compares favourably with the movement in England as a whole. However, the industry has seen significant reduction in the areas committed to the raising of cattle and sheep livestock, which reflects the overall difficulties that have been generally experienced in this area as a result of disease epidemics such as BSE and also the inroads being made by foreign imports. Despite recent declines, it is seen as one of the foundations for strong rural communities, but the industry can only retain this position by increasing employment, which through current agricultural methods and strategies is not happening. Figure 4 Farming in Cornwall However, despite the apparent improvement seen above, this has not translated itself into improvements on the employment issue. As can be seen from the following table (figure 5), the numbers of people employed within the agricultural industry are continuing to fall. Despite the fact that in comparison to England, Cornwall has suffered less, the Cornwall County Council (2007) do not see this downward trending their region being reversed in the immediate future, with the majority of the remaining workforce consisting of owners and tenants(Cornwall County Council 2007, 3.38). Figure 5 Agricultural employment Cornwall Agricultural regions – Wales Agriculture in Wales, because of the internal terrain, is most known for its Hill Farming element. It has a substantially higher level of holdings than Cornwall, spread over a greater land mass (see figure 6). Figure 6 Farms in Wales In terms of employment the region, like Cornwall, has seen a consistent decline in the numbers during the past decade, although as the following table shows, there was a slight improvement in the figures during 2004 (see figure 7). Figure 7 Agricultural employment in Wales Causes of Agricultural decline Some of the responsibility for the current position and trends has been levelled at the â€Å"cost-price squeeze† effect that is currently taking place within the food chain, with consumers consistently demanding lower retail prices. Whilst it is true that this has had significant impact on the industry, it is not the sole cause of the current position. Three other significant factors have also had an adverse effect. Æ’Â   Disease. The perceived lack of safety in British foods following the incidences of foot and mouth, BSE, swine fever and, more recently, outbreaks of avian flu (Haynes 2007) has also had a significant impact upon consumer’s and buyer’s both confidence in the UK and abroad. The fact that these have occurred within a relatively short period of each other has done little to improve the recovery position of the industry as a whole, the timescale of which has been extended as a result of these events. Æ’Â   Technology usage. Apart from the larger corporate farm holdings the use of modern technological advances within agriculture within the smaller holdings has not been taken advantage of to the extent that other industries have respond to this area of business to the same extent. This is presumably due to the older age demographics of the older owners and tenants, together with the time constraints that they experience as a result of low levels of employment. Based upon the lack of profitability of many small farms, another contributory factor tithe lack of new technology resources in use results from the limited financial resources available to purchase the equipment and training necessary for such innovations. Æ’Â   Finally, the local â€Å"colony† attitude as indicated by Hector (1969)is still in evidence in many rural and farming areas. The psychological position of a large element of the agricultural community is resistant to change, a situation that makes impr ovements for greater efficiency difficult to implement. National and Regional Strategies There have been a number of initiatives instigated with regard to the agricultural industry, particularly from the European Union, although these and those that have come from the UK authorities, have not been met with unanimous approval. In the case of the EU strategies there Isa body of opinion that this limits national action. As Alan Greer(2005) states in the introduction to his study on the agricultural industry, â€Å"there is a widespread assumption that the existence of a CAP across the European Union undermines the capacity of states to construct their own national policies.† To a certain extent the comment made by Greer is true. As will be seen within this section of the paper, a large proportion of the strategies and policies relating tithe UK agricultural industry have in fact come into existence as a result of EU discussions and directives. Irrespective of these comments, it is important to remember that the European Union as a whole commits in excess of forty-five billion dollars each year in support of farmers throughout the member states. Therefore it is fair to state, as Cardwell (2004, p.8) does that â€Å"Agriculture enjoys numerous advantages in the operation of the Legislative process and bureaucracy.† Whilst it may be true that the major part of these funds are utilised in the purchasing and storage of surplus products such as beef, wheat, milk and butter, before selling it to other nations, usually within the developing and third world(Gardner 1996, p.3), this still represents a significant level of state aid. The Common Agricultural Policy seeks to achieve fairness of competition within the EU, whilst at the same time providing aid. The potential drawbacks of this policy is that it still leaves farmers vulnerable to policy changes and increases in costs that are not fully reflected within the subsidies. For example in Wales, which benefits from CAP, the increases in prosperity that it has brought to the hill farmers in the area could disappear if policies change and the EU or local authorities felt that this was providing the area with an unfair advantage, or changed the conditions in relation to eligibility (Jones1999, p.320 and Cardwell 2004, p.227). In terms of cost increases, during the reform of the CAP system it has already been noted that these increases had an adverse effect upon the UK arable industry as awhile (Gardner 1996, p.148). Thus it would be true to say that such policies only remain appropriate should all other factors remain the same. In the UK in 2002, the government commissioned a report on the future of farming and food (Curry 2002) in an attempt to define strategy, which would led to a more sustainable for the future of agriculture and those who work within the industry. One of the main conclusions of this report (Curry 2002, p.109) was that farming had â€Å"become detached from the rest of the economy and the environment.† There port also suggests that this position has been reached partly as a result of the substantial subsidies, which its authors believed should be ended (Curry 2002, p.110). To address this position the report suggests that new research bodies, comprising of representatives from all the industry stakeholders, including the consumer, should be set, which will include within its remit, the setting up of â€Å"demonstration farms† to be used as models of economic success in farming. One comment within th